????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 31 ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 1517? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????.

??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???. ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????.

??????? ????:

*?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? «????????» ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????.

*??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????... ??? 

*??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? (?????????) ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????.

*??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.

*???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????.

* ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????.

?? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????.

??????? ?????????:

??? «??? ?????» ????? ???????. John Wyclif????? ??? ??? ?????? (1330-1384) 

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? 1378 ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????.

?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

?? ?????? ?????? ??? 1379 ?????? ?????? «The Power of The Pope»- «???? ??????»? ??? ??? ??? «?????» ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????.

??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? 1408 ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1384 ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1428.

??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? (1490-1536) ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 1526 ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????.

???? ????? ?? ??????? (Antwerp) ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? 1536

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? Thomas Cranmer??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? «?????? ???????» (1529-1536) ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? Supreme Head?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? 1532 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? 39 ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? (????????????) ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????.

??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? «???? ???????» ??? ????? ??? 1553 ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? 1555 ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????: ???????? «????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????!» ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

??????? ???????:

????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? (??????? ??? 1400-1536) ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.

???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? (???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????) ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??. ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 6 ????? 1415. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? 31 ?????? 1517? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????.

????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???: «????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????!» ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????.

?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? John Eck? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? «????? ???? ????????» ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????.

?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? (???????) ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??? «??????????» ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????????.

??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? Worms??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? Wartburg. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? «??????? ???????»? ?? ?????? ??? ????????.

??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? 1555 ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????.

??????? ????????

????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? Reformed Churches??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????

?????? ?????? ?????? Ulrich Zwingli???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?5????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ?5??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????

??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? «???? ????????? ???? ????»The Clarity and Certainty of God’s word?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? «?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????» ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? Martin Butcer(????-????) ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????.

??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????.

?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????-???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? (????-????) ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? «??? ??????? ????????» ??? ????.

?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ???? Farel???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????.

???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? «?????????» ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???.

??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.