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???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??lingua franca???????. [2]???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????.
???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????: ???? ???????. [3]??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????.[4] ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????.
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??? ????? ?????? (??????? ????????) ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? "?????? ??????" ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? "????? ???????? ?????????..." ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????.[5]
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?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.[9] ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? 813-833? ???????? 833-842?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? "??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????."[10] ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????: "?????????!" ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? 838?.
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??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? 1911 ?????????? ????? "?????" ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? 1864 ???? "??????" ??????????? ?????? ??? 1894 ???? ???? "??????."
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??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? "????????" ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ???:
?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????! ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????.[14]
??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? "??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????."[15]
???????? ?????????
?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? "??????" ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? "???? ???????" ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????.
??? ???? "???? ???????" ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? "??????" ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????!
??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? "????????" ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? "????? ?????" ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???. ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? "???? ?????." ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????.
??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????! ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? "???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? "?????? ???????" ??????? ???? ????."[16]
??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????: "??? ???????? ?? ?????."
[1] ???? ??????? "??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????: ????? ???????? ????? ????????" ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? (?. ?? ?.?)? 6-7.
[2] S. H. Griffith? Habib ibn Hidmah abu Raitah? a Christian Mutakallim of the First Abbasid Century? Oriens Christianus 64 (1980): 165.
[3] S. H. Griffith? The Kitab Misbah al-Aql of Severus ibn al-Muqaffa: A Profile of the Christian Creed in Arabic in Tenth Century Egypt? in The Beginnings of Christian Theology in Arabic: Muslim-Christian Encounters in the Early Islamic Period (Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company? 2002)? 28.
[4] S. H. Griffith? The View of Islam from the Monasteries of Palestine in the Early Abbasid Period: Theodore abu Qurrah and the Summa Theologiae Arabica? Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 7 (March 1996): 12.
[5] Samir Khalil? The Earliest Arab Apology for Christianity (c.750). In Christian Arabic Apologetics during the Abbasid Period (750-1258)? eds. Samir Khalil and Jrgen Nielsen? (Leiden: E. J. Brill? 1994)? 109.
[6] ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? (8 ??????- 1 ?????? 451? ???? ????????????)? ????? ???? ????? ??????: ????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????.
[7] ???? ????? "??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????" ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? (?????: ???? ????? ????? ??????)? 507.
[8] ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 3? (?????: ??????? ?????????? 1982)? 187- 189.
[9] ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?. 2 (??? ???????: ???????? 1992)? 40.
[10] ????? ??????? ????? ???????: ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? (?????: ??? ??????? 1977)? 10.
[11] ?????? ??????? 55-56.
[12] ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?. 2 (??? ???????: ???????? 1992)? 293- 294.
[13] ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (???????: ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? 1966)? 5- 6.
[14] Samir Khalil? The Significance of Early Arab-Christian Thought for Muslim-Christian Understanding (Washington? D.C: Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding? 1997)? 8.
[15]?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????: ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (??????? ??? ?????? ???????? 2006)? 26.
[16] ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?. 2? ?????? ??????? ????????? 5: ????? ??????? ???????? (?????: ??? ??????? 2004)?